Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) based on lithium‑ion technologies are increasingly used to support the integration of renewable energy in buildings and critical facilities. At the same time, several recent fire and explosion incidents have shown that thermal runaway and gas generation can represent a major hazard for occupants, first responders and the environment if systems are not properly designed. This paper presents a design‑oriented framework for the fire safety of lithium‑ion BESS installations that is explicitly aligned with the Italian Fire Safety Code (Codice di Prevenzione Incendi, DM 3 August 2015) and with the national guidelines for BESS issued by the Italian National Fire Rescue and Service. The paper first summarizes the main mechanisms of thermal runaway initiation and propagation, with emphasis on gas generation, overpressure effects and cascade failures in containerized and room‑scale installations. It then maps these phenomena onto the performance‑based structure of the Italian Fire Safety Code and the three operational regions defined in the national BESS guidelines: Prevention, containment (protection) and management. For each region, specific design measures are discussed, including cell qualification and abuse testing, thermal management and environmental control, advanced battery management systems, off‑gas detection, fire detection and suppression systems, explosion prevention and venting, water management and emergency planning. Rather than proposing new experimental data, this work synthesizes recent international research and standards (e.g. UL 9540/UL 9540A, NFPA 855, IEC 62619, IEC 62932) and shows how they can be consistently integrated into the Italian performance‑based framework for different BESS configurations. Beyond providing a structured review of recent research and international standards, the paper proposes a practical design framework and a set of representative design criteria that support the harmonized application of the Italian Fire Safety Code, the national BESS guidelines and international standards to typical BESS installations. The objective is to provide practitioners and authorities with a transparent set of design criteria and examples methodologies that support safe deployment of lithium‑ion BESS in buildings, without compromising energy efficiency and sustainability targets.

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